生物基分子介导纳米金属材料的制备及其应用

纳米金属材料具有纳米晶强化效应、光吸收率大、较高的表面能和单磁畴性能等优点,因其在医药、化学催化、抗菌抑毒等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用而受到人们广泛关注。近年来,随着全球石化资源消耗与日俱增,环境污染加剧,基于可再生资源的生物基分子介导纳米材料的制备研究方兴未艾。生物基分子是指直接或间接来源于生物质的小分子或大分子物质,它们多数具有生物相容性好、低毒、可降解、来源广泛、价格低廉等优点。且由于生物基分子多数具有独特的理化性质,如具有生理活性的旋光性、酸碱两性、亲水亲油性以及易与金属离子络合等,其介导合成的纳米材料还兼具其独特功能性,比如消炎、抗癌、抗氧化、抗病毒以及降血糖血脂等,进一步拓宽了纳米金属材料的应用领域。文中对近年来基于生物基分子介导纳米金属材料的制备及应用进行全面综述,为开展相关研究提供参考。     

CRISPR在食源性致病菌进化分析、检测分型及毒力耐药调控中的应用进展

规律成簇间隔的短回文重复序列 (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR) 与其相关蛋白基因系统可通过限制基因的水平转移而有效防御噬菌体等外源基因元件的入侵,不同细菌之间的CRISPR结构有所差异。基于CRISPR系统的差异性,文中对近几年CRISPR在食源性致病菌进化分析、检测与分型、毒力与耐药中的应用研究进行概述,并对基于CRISPR序列特点开发的细菌检测分型方法以及CRISPR与食源性致病菌的毒力、耐药性之间的相关性进行重点总结分析。此外,文中探讨了CRISPR在进化分析、检测与分型、毒力与耐药应用中的不足,提出将CRISPR分型方法标准化、完善与扩充致病菌CRISPR数据库、进一步探究噬菌体与细菌之间的共进化关系等建议,为进一步探索CRISPR功能提供参考。     

Narrow H3K4me2 is required for chicken PGC formation

The development of primordial germ cells (PGCs) undergoes epigenetic modifications. The study of histone methylation in regulating PGCs is beneficial to understand the development and differentiation mechanism of germ stem cells. Notably, it provides a theoretical basis for directed induction and mass acquisition in vitro. However, little is known about the regulation of PGC formation by histone methylation. Here, we found the high enrichment of H3K4me2 in the blastoderm, genital ridges, and testis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing was performed and the results revealed that genomic H3K4me2 is dynamic in embryonic stem cells, PGCs, and spermatogonial stem cells. This trend was consistent with the H3K4me2 enrichment in the gene promoter region. Additionally, narrow region triggered PGC‐related genes (Bmp4, Wnt5a, and Tcf7l2) and signaling pathways (Wnt and transforming growth factor‐β). After knocking down histone methylase Mll2 in vitro and vivo, the level of H3K4me2 decreased, inhibiting Cvh and Blimp1 expression, then repressing the formation of PGCs. Taken together, our study revealed the whole genome map of H3K4me2 in the formation of PGCs, contributing to improve the epigenetic study in PGC formation and providing materials for bird gene editing and rescue of endangered birds.     

海蜇-对虾-蛤仔综合养殖池塘的食物网

为了研究海蜇-对虾(中国明对虾、斑节对虾)-菲律宾蛤仔海水综合养殖池塘养殖生物的食性、营养级和池塘食物网结构,在2017年5—9月的养殖周期内,采集并检测池塘内各种饵料和4种养殖生物的碳、氮稳定同位素比值(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N),并运用IsoSource线性混合模型分析了海蜇、中国明对虾、斑节对虾和菲律宾蛤仔的食物来源。结果表明: 海蜇的主要食物来源为浮游动物;中国明对虾和斑节对虾的主要食物来源为投喂的鯷鱼;菲律宾蛤仔的主要食物来源为浮游植物、底栖硅藻和对虾粪便。综合养殖池塘中菲律宾蛤仔的营养级范围为2.64～2.95,平均值为2.84;海蜇的营养级范围为2.78～3.27,平均值为3.06;斑节对虾的营养级范围为3.03～3.54,平均值为3.25;中国明对虾的营养级范围为3.76～4.40,平均值为3.95。在综合养殖池塘中,菲律宾蛤仔为初级消费者,海蜇为次级消费者,中国明对虾和斑节对虾为捕食者;菲律宾蛤仔在滤食两种对虾粪便的同时一定程度上改善了养殖池塘的水质。     

应用iTRAQ技术分析串子花型滩羊初生期与二毛期的差异蛋白

为了解二毛期时串子花型滩羊羊毛弯曲形成机理,本试验采用iTRAQ技术及LC-MS/MS的研究方法,对初生期和二毛期串子花型滩羊的皮肤样品进行蛋白质鉴定和筛选,并运用Proteome Discoverer 1.4软件进行定量分析,结合数据库搜索,鉴定出具有显著表达差异的蛋白,同时应用生物学技术对其进行GO和KEGG Pathway分析.结果显示初生期与二毛期裘皮共检出2 599个蛋白,其中初生期65个差异蛋白高表达,二毛期有122个差异蛋白高表达.对表达差异的蛋白进行分析,发现HSPA4L蛋白可能对滩羊串子花型裘皮二毛期毛发的弯曲程度有一定的作用.ApoA1可能在滩羊串子花型裘皮二毛期毛囊的发育以及羊毛的弯曲形成中起到重要作用.TGF-β1因子可能与滩羊串子花型裘皮二毛期毛囊及毛干的快速发育相关.研究发现滩羊串子花型裘皮在不同时期蛋白水平上的差异,为选育优良的滩羊串子花型二毛裘皮提供研究基础.     

A chloride efflux transporter,BIG RICE GRAIN 1, is involved in mediating grain size and salt tolerance in rice

Grain size is determined by the size and number of cells in the grain. The regulation of grain size is crucial for improving crop yield; however, the genes and molecular mechanisms that control grain size remain elusive. Here, we report that a member of the detoxification efflux carrier /Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (DTX/MATE) family transporters, BIG RICE GRAIN 1 (BIRG1), negatively influences grain size in rice (Oryza sativa L.). BIRG1 is highly expressed in reproductive organs and roots. In birg1 grain, the outer parenchyma layer cells of spikelet hulls are larger than in wild-type (WT) grains, but the cell number is unaltered. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, BIRG1 exhibits chloride efflux activity. Consistent with this role of BIRG1, the birg1 mutant shows reduced tolerance to salt stress at a toxic chloride level. Moreover, grains from birg1 plants contain a higher level of chloride than those of WT plants when grown under normal paddy field conditions, and the roots of birg1 accumulate more chloride than those of WT under saline conditions. Collectively, the data suggest that BIRG1 in rice functions as a chloride efflux transporter that is involved in mediating grain size and salt tolerance by controlling chloride homeostasis.